![]() When dealing with any flat surfaces, flatness may be called out, but parallelism is usually more critical since the relation of surfaces in an assembly is more important. Parallelism is very common in its surface form. Final Notes: Combination of Orientation and Form: ![]() With parallelism, you can open up the dimension of the gear and control the faces without rejecting good gears.Ĭontrolling two faces with GD&T parallelism callout. To do this without parallelism, the gear width would have to be tightly controlled, which could be very difficult to do. To ensure even contact one side of the gear is held parallel to the other side. Parallelism Example:Ī gear has to maintain constant axial load on both faces. Any part with two critical flat surfaces such as gears would call out parallelism. Even though surface parallelism seems to ensure that a flat surface is mating with another flat surface, it can also be applied to two sides of a hole or cylinder to avoid a taper. Whenever you have a part that must always fit nicely between two planes that need to reference each other, it comes in handy. Whenever two surfaces or features need to work in sync with each other and constant distance must be maintained, parallelism is effective. When you call out parallelism, flatness is implied (you are measuring a surface variation between two parallel planes = flatness) However the biggest difference is parallelism is measured with respect to a datum, ensuring both the datum and reference feature are always parallel. The Parallel Symbol is also closely related to flatness when referenced/measured surface is flat. All of the orientation symbols (angularity, perpendicularity, and parallelism) all call out the particular feature envelope referenced to a datum. ![]() All the profiles of orientation and are used in the exact same way. Parallelism is a specific form of angularity only at 0°/180° instead of a called out angle. Relation to Other GD&T Symbols: Surface Parallelism However, unlike flatness, the part is constrained against a granite block or flat plane that acts as the datum surface where it is measured. Like flatness, a gauge is run across the reference surface or feature. The goal is to ensure all points are within a specified tolerance distance away from their corresponding datum points. ![]() Remember: Parallelism does not directly control the angle of the referenced surface it controls the envelope (like flatness) where the surface needs to be. All points that are on the referenced feature must in the tolerance zone. Two parallel planes or lines which are oriented parallel to the datum feature or surface. It is important to determine what the reference feature is (surface or axis) and then what is acting as the datum (surface or axis) to determine how the parallelism is to be controlled. Note: Parallelism does not control the angle of the referenced feature, but only creates an envelope in which the feature must lie. See the tolerance zone below for more details. The tolerance indirectly controls the 0° angle between the parts by controlling where the surface can lie based on the datum. It can reference a 2D line referenced to another element, but more commonly it relates the orientation of one surface plane parallel to another datum plane in a 3-Dimensional tolerance zone. Parallelism is a fairly common symbol that describes a parallel orientation of one referenced feature to a datum surface or line. GD&T Symbol: Relative to Datum: Yes MMC or LMC applicable: Yes GD&T Drawing Callout: However, be sure to pay attention if it is referencing a central axis because it is different! We will only discuss surface parallelism on this page but be sure to check out our page on Perpendicularity to see how an axis is controlled with GD&T. Parallelism is most commonly called out as surface parallelism. The axis form is controlled by a cylinder around a theoretical perfectly parallel axis. Axis Parallelism is a tolerance that controls how parallel a specific parts central axis needs to be to a datum plane or axis. The surface form is controlled similarly to flatness with two parallel planes acting as its tolerance zone. The normal form or Surface Parallelism is a tolerance that controls parallelism between two surfaces or features. Parallelism actually has two different functions in GD&T depending on which reference feature is called out.
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